Intellectual Development Of Children Research Articles

Iodine Status and Its Influencing Factors in Hospitalized and Healthy Preschool-Age Children.

Iodine is a trace element necessary for synthesizing thyroid hormones. It is especially crucial for the neurodevelopment and intellectual development of children. Preschool-age children admitted to the hospital tend to have more fragile physical and mental health, but few studies demonstrate their iodine status. Our study aimed to investigate the iodine status of hospitalized and healthy preschool-age children and to explore the factors influencing them. From January to December 2021, 426 children aged 3-6 years were admitted to the respiratory department for pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, or bronchiectasis, but they could eat normally and were recruited as hospitalized children. Six hundred ten healthy children aged 3-6 years were included. We collected anthropometric measurements and urine samples from hospitalized and healthy preschool-age children, and iodine status was assessed through urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (UI/Cr). UIC was 40.1 and 166.1µg/L for hospitalized and healthy preschool-age children, respectively (P < 0.001). Urinary creatinine concentration (UCr) was 0.2 and 0.8g/L for hospitalized and healthy preschool-age children, respectively (P < 0.001). UIC decreased with increasing height z-scores in hospitalized children (Spearman's rho = -0.11, P = 0.022). A significantly increased risk of UIC < 100µg/L was found in hospitalized children (OR = 9.1 (6.8, 12.2), P < 0.001) when compared to healthy children. In conclusion, hospitalized preschool-age children are likelier to have iodine insufficiency than healthy preschool-age children, especially those with good linear growth. Measures should be implemented to ensure adequate iodine intake of preschool-age children during hospitalization to avoid affecting their intellectual and physical development. Due to lower UCr in hospitalized children, creatinine is not appropriate for assessing iodine status in hospitalized children.

Hypothyroidism among children and adolescents with nephrotic syndrome in Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundNephrotic syndrome (NS) is the commonest glomerular disease among children. It is characterized by heavy proteinuria and is a risk factor for hypothyroidism in the affected children. Hypothyroidism is of concern because it affects the physical and intellectual development of children and adolescents. This study sought to establish the prevalence and factors associated with hypothyroidism among children and adolescents with NS.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used to study 70 children and adolescents aged 1–19 years diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and being followed up in the kidney clinic in Mulago National Referral Hospital. Questionnaires were used to collect patients’ socio-demographics and clinical information. A blood sample was taken for analysis for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), renal function tests and serum albumin. Hypothyroidism included both overt and subclinical forms. Overt hypothyroidism was defined as TSH level > 10 mU/L and FT4 < 10pmol/L, or FT4 < 10pmol/l with normal TSH, or TSH < 0.5mU/l. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was defined as TSH ranging between 5 and10 mU/L with normal age appropriate FT4 levels. Urine samples were collected and taken for a dipstick examination. The data was analyzed using STATA version 14. The Bayesian Logistic regression analysis approach was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% credible intervals. All predictor variables with p value < 0.05 at frequentist statistical analysis were considered significant.ResultsThe mean age (standard deviation) of participants was 9 years (3.8). There were more males; 36 of 70 (51.4%). The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 23% (16/70 participants). Of the 16 children with hypothyroidism, 3 (18.7%) had overt hypothyroidism while 13 had subclinical hypothyroidism. Only low serum albumin was found to be strongly associated with hypothyroidism; Bayesian OR 132.57 (CI 9.13–567.10) with a frequentist OR of 37 and a p value of 0.001.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypothyroidism among children and adolescent with nephrotic syndrome attending Mulago Hospital paediatric kidney clinic was 23%. Hypoalbuminemia was found to be associated with hypothyroidism. Therefore, children and adolescents that have severely low levels of serum albumin should be screened for hypothyroidism and linked to endocrinologists for care.

The Implications of the Zone of Proximal Development for English Teaching

The "zone of proximal development," conceived by the eminent Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky, describes a central framework in educational psychology. Vygotsky's theory posits a two-tiered model of children's intellectual development that includes their current level of achievement and their untapped potential. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) delineates the critical space between these developmental thresholds. This paper contends that through astute observation of students' learning processes, educators can systematically bridge the gap between a student's current level of development and his or her latent potential, thus integrating the ZPD into the domain of realized development. In addition, educators can tailor their instructional strategies to their students' evolving abilities and set new educational goals with the overarching goal of placing students at the centre of the learning experience. This approach is designed to cultivate and enhance students' abilities to learn independently. The following sections provide a comprehensive synthesis and analysis of various teaching methodologies rooted in the theoretical framework of the Zone of Proximal Development. Through a careful examination of these approaches, we seek to illuminate the dynamic interplay between pedagogical strategies and the ZPD, paving the way for more effective and student-centred English language teaching.

Brain functional and structural changes in diabetic children. How can intellectual development be optimized in type 1 diabetes?

The neuropsychological functioning of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is of key importance to the effectiveness of the therapy, which, in its complexity, requires a great deal of knowledge, attention, and commitment. Intellectual limitations make it difficult to achieve the optimal metabolic balance, and a lack of this alignment can contribute to the further deterioration of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to provide a narrative review of the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of diabetes on brain structure and functions during childhood and also to present possible actions to optimize intellectual development in children with T1D. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant literature using selected keywords. The results were summarized using a narrative synthesis. Disturbances in glucose metabolism during childhood may have a lasting negative effect on the development of the brain and related cognitive functions. To optimize intellectual development in children with diabetes, it is essential to prevent disorders of the central nervous system by maintaining peri-normal glycemic levels. Based on the performed literature review, it seems necessary to take additional actions, including repeated neuropsychological evaluation with early detection of any cognitive dysfunctions, followed by the development of individual management strategies and the training of appropriate skills, together with complex, multidirectional environmental support.

Content and Principles of Children's Intellectual Development in the Chinese Preschool System

The article is devoted to the content and principles of children's intellectual development in the Chinese preschool system. The purpose of the article is to determine the content and principles of intellectual development of a child in the Chinese preschool system. The following research methods were used in the study: observation, interviews, research projects. Results. It was established in the research process that the main goal of preschool development in China is to prepare children for schooling, help them effectively learn the school curriculum and create a personality capable of further learning and self-development: the development of children's desire for knowledge and cognitive interests; development of preschoolers' abilities to independently learn about the world around them; constant involvement of the child in mental work and preparation for life, etc. It has been proven that the Chinese government creates special programs that have the greatest impact on the intellectual development of preschoolers. Sensory development of the child, development of his/her speech skills, learning the basics of arithmetic, development of important social skills - all this is part of the programs that are included in this category. Experts rightly claim that all types of activities carried out by preschoolers contribute to their intellectual development. Based on the analysis of scientists' works, the article defines several indicators of the intellectual development of a preschool child. These indicators include the child's ability to ask questions; behave with other children and adults; perceive and perform tasks; and understand certain things and events in the environment. Special attention is paid to the educators and the level of their training. In particular, it is emphasized that today, in order to ensure high-quality training of teachers for preschool education institutions in the People's Republic of China, they successfully ensured the intellectual development of preschool children, began to combine preschool pedagogy faculties with secondary special schools, opened preschool pedagogy institutes, and provided training for educators at various levels education such as bachelors and masters. Chinese teachers pay attention to the fact that it is necessary to follow a number of principles in order to fulfill the task of intellectual development of a preschool child. These principles are basic, original provisions that serve as the basis for creating the content and methods of working with preschool children. Conclusions. The most important of them are the following: the principle of visibility, the principle of activity, the principle of connection with life, the principle of self-activity, the principle of taking into account age and individual characteristics, the principle of consistency, the principle of individualization and differentiation, and the principle of voluntary learning. The justification of the factors of intellectual development of preschool children is presented. One of the most important is language. An important part of mental education is the development of speech, which includes the development of coherent speech, the development of phonetic culture, and the addition and activation of the dictionary. Chinese teachers consider the process of forming communication skills an important component of the intellectual and social development of a preschool child.

Музична терапія як метод навчання та розвитку молодших школярів за умов воєнного стану

The article discusses the ways of introducing methods of music therapy into the educational process of primary school. The essence and role of mu­sic therapy as an innovative health-saving technology for working with younger schoolchildren are defined. The article states that war, as the strongest stress factor, poses a real threat to the psychological and physical health of children. Psychological trauma caused by adverse en­vironmental factors can nega­tively affect the reactions and intellectual development of children, lead to undesirable behavior, emotional insta­bility, and depres­sion. In the conditions of martial law, the school should become the re­source place where the care of the child is based in the context of helping him adapt to the circumstances in which he or she finds himself. Today's challenges require improving the edu­cation and development of younger students through the use of health-saving ap­proaches and methods. It has been established that music therapy, being a component of psy­cho­logi­cal, pedagogical and psychotherapeutic methods, contributes to the preser­vation of mental health and the prevention of emotional disor­ders. It has a positive effect on a person's mood, on functional activity and perfor­mance, on his entire spiritual world. A definition of the concept of «music therapy» has been proposed, taking into account different scientific views. The article presents a classifica­tion of methods of modern music therapy in relation to the patient's ac­tivity or type of training. It has been established that the methods of mu­sic therapy can be integrated into pedagogical concepts and actions containing musi­cal, psycho­logical and social processes of learning and development, since it opens up opportunities to take care of the child in a multifaceted way, taking into ac­count all his/her characteristics, devel­opmental needs and in­dividual prob­lems. It is noted that in order to opti­mize the process of per­sonal development of the child, it is necessary to allow two areas to conduct a dialogue. Music-therapeutic methods of instrumental, vocal, motor improvisation, per­formance of ready-made musical works, receptive listening to music are high­lighted. A selection of musical works for work with younger stu­dents is pre­sented. The effectiveness of the influence of music therapy methods as a non-verbal form of correction on the personality of a junior schoolchild is noted.

A Comparative Study to Assess the Nutritional Status among School Age Children of Employed and Unemployed Mothers (A Study in Selected Schools of Nepalgunj, Banke, Nepal)

Nutrition is the science that studies the link between food and health, and is mainly focused on the role of nutrients in human growth, development, and maintenance. Healthy nutrition involves maintaining a nutritional condition that enables individuals to grow and maintain excellent health. The school age, which ranges from 6 to 12 years old, is a crucial period for physical growth and intellectual development in children. The socioeconomic status of families, social well-being, and health care system proficiency of communities, as well as the environmental impact, are important factors that affect child health. Viewing malnutrition as an issue in human ecology provides a range of approaches for prevention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of school-age children whose mothers were employed or unemployed and attending selected schools in Nepalgunj, Banke. A descriptive comparative research design was employed for the study, and stratified random sampling was used to select 120 students from Nepalgunj, Banke. Data were collected using a self-developed structured questionnaire. The study results showed that children with underweight (51.6%) were more prevalent among employed mothers' children than unemployed mothers' children (20%). However, children with normal weight (43.3%) were more prevalent among children of unemployed mothers than employed mothers (25%). An association was found between school type and maternal employment status with children's body mass index (BMI), and the P-values were &lt;0.001 and &lt;0.02, respectively. The nutritional status of children is a crucial factor for their growth and development. This study indicated that underweight was more prevalent among children of employed mothers, and children of unemployed mothers had a normal weight. Maternal employment status and school types, such as public and private schools, were associated with children's BMI. These factors should be considered while designing interventions to enhance children's nutritional status.&#x0D;  

Learning Disabilities, Culture and the Nigerian Educational System: The Unseen Link to Mental Health

Background: The fact that human beings vary in intellectual capacity is universally accepted all over the world. There are, however, generally accepted intellectual growth markers with which psychologists judge the mental and intellectual development of children and young adults. Children who fall below what is considered the average are considered low on cognitive ability. Objective: This study aims to scrutinise and analyse the Nigerian education system using literature to identify the negative impact of the present structure on the mental health of people with LD. It also explores the possibilities for improvement in the present Nigerian education systems such that it is less harmful to people with LD. Method: This paper is a qualitative literature review concentrating on the results of 3 primary research papers. Their results will be used to explore the conversations surrounding the effect of dysfunction in the Nigerian education system on the experiences of students with learning disabilities. Results: The review of the literature shows that the existing educational structure in Nigeria may worsen the outcome of students with LD as there are sparse social and physical infrastructures to protect and assist them. Conclusion: This paper explores the psychiatry of learning disabilities, not to reveal all work done in the field but to discuss the evidence posed by existing literature concerning the link between learning disabilities, mental health, and the educational system in Nigeria. It concludes that there is room for improvement on the present frameworks for the education and care of students with LD.

Greater maltreatment severity is associated with smaller brain volume with implication for intellectual ability in young children

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment profoundly alters trajectories of brain development, promoting markedly increased long-term health risks and impaired intellectual development. However, the immediate impact of maltreatment on brain development in children and the extent to which altered global brain volume contributes to intellectual development in children with maltreatment experience is currently unknown. We here utilized MRI data obtained from children within 6 months after the exposure to maltreatment to assess the association of maltreatment severity with global brain volume changes. We further assessed the association between maltreatment severity and intellectual development and tested for the mediating effect of brain volume on this association. MethodWe used structural MRI (3T) in a sample of 49 children aged 3–5 years with maltreatment exposure, i.e. emotional and physical abuse and/or neglect within 6 months, to characterize intracranial and tissue-specific volumes. Maltreatment severity was coded using the Maternal Interview for the Classification of Maltreatment. IQ was tested at study entry and after one year using the Snijders Oomen Nonverbal Test. ResultsHigher maltreatment severity was significantly correlated with smaller intracranial volume (r = -.393, p = .008), which was mainly driven by lower total brain volume (r = -.393, p = .008), which in turn was primarily due to smaller gray matter volume (r = -.454, p = .002). Furthermore, smaller gray matter volume was associated with lower IQ at study entry (r = -.548, p < .001) and predicted IQ one year later (r = -.493, p = .004). The observed associations were independent of potential confounding variables, including height, socioeconomic status, age and sex. ImportanceWe provide evidence that greater maltreatment severity in early childhood is related to smaller brain size at a very young age with significant consequences for intellectual ability, likely setting a path for far-reaching long-term disadvantages. Insights into the molecular and neural processes that underlie the impact of maltreatment on brain structure and function are urgently needed to derive mechanism-driven targets for early intervention.

The impact of propranolol on the growth and development of children with proliferative infantile hemangioma during treatment.

Oral propranolol has not been shown to impact physical development, such as weight and height. The impact of children's intellectual development has received relatively little attention from researchers. The effects of propranolol on the growth and development of children with proliferative infantile hemangiomas during treatment were analyzed retrospectively. The children with infantile hemangioma treated with oral propranolol in the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, from February 2017 to May 2022 were analyzed. A uniform therapeutic regimen was applied, including assessment, treatment, and follow-up. The assessment included physical development and intellectual development indices. The physical development indices were height and weight. Neuropsychological assessment uses developmental quotient (DQ) to assess intelligence development. The DQs on months 3, 6, and 9 posttreatment were compared to the pretreatment. Wilcoxon rank sum test of paired samples was used for height and weight. The developmental quotient was determined by paired t test. P < .05 indicated significant difference. A total of 51 patients were enrolled. All children completed the treatment successfully, without severe adverse drug reactions leading to treatment discontinuation. There was no significant difference in height and weight before and after treatment (P > .05). No significant difference was detected in DQ 3 months posttreatment and pretreatment (P = .19), while it decreased at 6 and 9 months posttreatment (P < .05). Oral propranolol does not have an impact on physical development (height and weight). No short-term effect was found on intellectual development, but a decrease was noted over 6 months, which needs to be investigated further.

Cerita Rakyat Sentani Asal Usul Marga Ongge dan Relevansinya Sebagai Bahan Bacaan Anak

Sentani, in Jayapura Regency has many comparably living interesting folktales toward other places in Indonesia. Those folktales, however, have not yet been explored and exploited as children reading material, especially in primary school. Accordingly, this study discusses about presentation suitability of folktale entitled “Asal Usul Marga Ongge” toward intellectual development of children. Folktales as data sources were orally collected from informants. Researcher analyzes this study using descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that story is suitable as reading material for children 11 years old and above. This is shown by the usage of developing or complicated character with social and culture background of Sentani people. Message or character value is complicated either, especially for primary school students period. The story tells us about, political knowledge and sensible nature that should be owned by tribe leader, or Ondofolo, and his descendant.  The message includes character value as a person and as a society member. The value as person including honesty and hard-work.  As a member of a society, on the other hand, including (a) realizing of self-right and self-obligatory and other people as well, (b) obeying any social rules.

Intellectual Characteristics in Children With Congenital Unilateral Upper Limb Deficiencies.

Introduction Some children with motor disabilities show low cognitive levels. However, the influence of motor disabilities on children's intelligence remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the intellectual characteristics of children with upper limb deficiencies and the influence of upper limb impairments on intelligence. Methods The participants were 10 children from four to six years of age with congenital unilateral transradial or transcarpal limb deficiencies who received prosthetic interventions. The children's intelligence and adaptive behaviors, including motor skills, were examined using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, respectively. Results There were no significant characteristics or discrepancies in cognitive level in children with upper limb deficiencies. The Adaptive Behavior Composite Score of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale was significantly positively correlated with the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Conclusions The children with congenital limb deficiencies showed average cognitive levels. Expansion of adaptive behaviors, including appropriate complementation of disabilities, may promote intellectual development in children with motor disabilities.

Formation of the psychological safety of the educational environment in the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war

Actuality of the research is determined to the growing of number of challengers and threats to the safety and psychological state of children and youth and, as a result, the worsening of gene pool of the Ukrainian nation. The indicated problems were actualized during the Russian-Ukrainian war, that entailed of severe devastating consequences of the psychosomatically health as an adult, and children’s population. It is possible to reduce the influence of risk factors of the worsening of the mental health of pupils and students by way of formation of safety educational environment. After all, it is the educational environment is an open system, in which all tendencies and patterns of development of the surrounding social environment are manifested, taking also the problems associated with the war. In this regard, the possibilities of the educational environment of children’s protect from the influence of negative factors and ensure of favorable physical, mental, spiritual, moral and intellectual development of children are reduced in it. The purpose of writing the article is to implement of a theoretical substantiation of pedagogical aspects of formation of the psychological safety of educational environment and to determine of level of the psychological state of future teachers to organization of the safety and health-saving activities of pupils in a state of war. Results. The contribution of scientists to the development of pedagogical aspects of formation of the psychological safety of educational environment and mental health of participants in the educational process is revealed. The factors of  psychological safety in educational environment in peace time and conditions of war are analyzed. During the russian-Ukrainian war, the number of threats and dangers is growing; its lead of worsening of the indicators of the psychosomatic health of pupils and students is shown. The research among applicants for higher education at the University Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav concerning the psychological influence of war on their life’s activities and figure of health is developed in it. The psychological state of applicants during martial law has undergone significant changes. In particular, after the introduction of a number of psychological measure and health technologies at the university, the indicators of the emotional state of applicants are improved. Conclusions. Formation of psychological safety of the educational environment in conditions of the war requires of thorough knowledge of such risk factors of as school threats and dangers of educational environment, which can have destructive influence on the nervous system and psyche of children and adolescents. During the Russian-Ukrainian war, the number of threats to the security of educational environment is growing, it negatively affects on the psychological state of the subjects of the educational process. The introduction of psycho-health educational technologies helps to improve of the psychosomatic state of the body of pupil’s and students young.

Research on the Influence of Music Education on Children's Intellectual Development — A Case Study of Music Enlightenment Education

Research on the Influence of Music Education on Children's Intellectual Development — A Case Study of Music Enlightenment Education

DIGITALIZATION AT THE SERVICE OF PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS: MODERN OPPORTUNITIES IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING

The assessment of intellectual development in children and adolescents is an essential component of psychodiagnostics, facilitating an understanding of the nature of learning diffi culties. Intelligence tests have a history that spans more than a century, and even contemporary versions of widely used intelligence tests (such as the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet tests) are limited by the infl uence of their traditional paper-based formats. Nevertheless, the advent of computational capabilities and the digitalization of tests have led psychometrics to experience substantial development, opening new possibilities for assessment. The complete application of modern psychometrics holds the promise of revolutionizing the measurement of intelligence. Present-day psychometrics is deeply entwined with computational behavioral sciences, going beyond outdated principles in the development of psychological tests. Methodological approaches that notably enhance the accuracy, reliability, and equity of measurement instruments currently exist. Furthermore, the accumulation of supplementary validity evidence, simplifi - cation of result interpretation, and practical implementation far exceed conventional psychodiagnostic approaches. This presentation will show the potentialities presented by modern psychometrics, including the utilization of innovative task formats such as technology-enhanced items, the integration of universal design principles in test development, the adoption of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and multistage testing (MST) methodologies, the application of multidimensional IRT models to establish both construct and criterion validity, the shift from discrete norms to continuous scaling, and the incorporation of longitudinal measurements. The combination of these features within a computerized intelligence testing framework will enhance respondents’ motivation and simplify the test administration process. It will facilitate frequent assessments of a child’s progress by presenting varying test versions on each occasion, thereby signifi cantly reducing errors in administration and scoring, while also safeguarding against misuse by non-professionals.

The Сhildhood Сare and Еducation in the late 19th – early 20th Сenturies as an Integral Part of the Ukrainian Institute of Motherhood

Child’s personality development is still being a significant component of Ukrainian society. We should pay attention to the emotional, physical and intellectual development of children, which is vital for their future. In order to achieve an objectivity, this research is focused on the analyzing of ‘family phenomenon’, including religious, moral categories and historical facts. The purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of upbringing and education of children on the quality of family life in the future. To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the following scientific methods were applied: historical, descriptive, distributional, the method of comparative analysis, and the method of typological analysis. The application of these scientific methods made it possible to demonstrate the weakness of parental upbringing, neglecting the emotional state of children, and the low level of education of the population. The scientific novelty of the research results consists in an effort to reñonsider the definition of parenting role from different angles, focusing not only on the positive aspects, but also exploring the negative ones. The study makes it possible to ascertain the inadequacy of family life and educational potential of Ukrainians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In order to objectively reproduce historical reality, it is necessary to further scrutinize educational aspect so as to avoid idealization of Christian-moral moments and not to fall victim to traditional stereotypes.

ОСНОВНІ НАПРЯМИ КОРЕКЦІЇ ЕМОЦІЙНО-ВОЛЬОВОЇ СФЕРИ ДІТЕЙ З ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ОПОРНО-РУХОВОГО АПАРАТУ ЗАСОБАМИ ПЛАВАННЯ

The article deals with the main directions of correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children of senior preschool and primary school age with disorders of the musculoskeletal system by means of swimming. Emotional and volitional sphere of a child with musculoskeletal disorders has its own peculiarities and requires a specific approach in the correction of disorders and development. It should be noted that the intellectual development of children with musculoskeletal disorders is directly related to the child's ability to experience complex emotions at different age stages. In this regard, it is appropriate to consider the phenomenon of emotions and the human psyche in general. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system is a complex disease of the central nervous system, which leads not only to motor disorders, but also often leads to mental retardation or pathology, speech impairment, emotional and volitional disorders. The use of water environment for correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children can be based on two methodological bases. Firstly, the acquaintance with a relatively new environment (water), being in it, motor and game activities with adults, peers and toys is a kind of return of the child to its primary natural environment both in the phylogenetic sense (evolution of fish, amphibians, reptiles) and in the ontogenetic aspect (the child's presence in the uterus in the amniotic fluid before birth). This process, reinforced by the method of the atricalization (dosed dramatization) of swimming lessons always fills the child with a capacious spectrum of emotions with the dominance of positive ones (satisfaction, joy, pleasure, elation, interest, etc.). Secondly, being in the water, learning to swim involves the systematic overcoming by the child through his volitional manifestations of various psychologically and physically uncomfortable situations for him: the unknown, anxiety, doubts, uncertainty, fears, fatigue, tactile and muscle discomfort, natural physiological reflexes, etc. This will allow the teacher to form the volitional component of the mental development of children of this contingent. The prospects of research in this direction lie in the search for new opportunities to use swimming equipment in the correction of the emotional and volitional sphere of this category of children. Key words: correction, children, disorders, musculoskeletal system, swimming, emotional-volitional sphere.

Effects of Family Conflicts on Children's Personalities

Expecting good children can only be achieved through a harmonious family, but expecting to have good children is very difficult in a family that is constantly plagued with conflicts of various kinds. It is the first educational institution for children. There is evidence that unharmonious family relationships, especially between husbands and wives, adversely affect children's growth and personality development. Unless these efforts find effective solutions, it is feared that Muslims will not be able to realize their personalities in their lives. You must educate and teach children age-appropriate and practical worship. Within the home, children cannot be expected to serve as members of society. This study aims to predict how conflicts within the family affect a child's personality development. The method used is descriptive analysis and the data collection technology uses library research technology with a review system of a set of written sources within the library. As a result, it was found that conflicts within the family have a very large impact on the growth and development of a child's personality. A family that is not in harmony with itself cannot give its children the best advice and education. A child's personality in conflicted families influences the child's behavioral development, the child's intellectual development, and the child's religious development. As economic factors, early marriage and illness are the dominant factors causing family conflict, the younger generation is expected to prioritize economic maturity and pay attention to premarital age to avoid family conflict increase.

A Comparative Study of Chinese and French Primary School Music Education Curriculum Concepts

Music education is essential for children's intellectual, social, and emotional development. The primary school music education curricula in China and France are two of the most significant music education systems in the world. This study attempts to compare the principles and objectives of these two curricula and uncover parallels and contrasts. The primary goals of this research are to conduct an analysis of the music education curriculum concepts taught in primary schools in both China and France, to identify the similarities and differences between these curricula, and to evaluate the potential impact that these differences may have on the musical development of young children. In this study, a comparative analysis methodology is utilized to investigate the music education curriculum of elementary schools located in both China and France. The process of doing the analysis entails conducting interviews with music instructors in both nations, reviewing the pertinent literature, and examining the curriculum materials. According to the findings of the study, the primary school music education curricula in China and France have some goals in common, including the promotion of cultural awareness, the development of students' musical skills, and the encouragement of creativity. Yet, there are also major discrepancies in the conceptual frameworks of the curriculum, the instructional strategies, and the evaluation strategies. The study emphasizes the significance of comprehending the cultural and historical settings of music education systems in various countries.

Psychosocial Impact of Lockdown on Children due to COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Quarantine measures during the COVID-19 lockdown had a negative impact on children's psychology and development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the psychological impact of quarantine on children due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia and to assess types of reported child maltreatment before and after the pandemic. A cross-sectional survey among parents was performed along with a retrospective data review for anonymized data from the National Family Safety Program, Saudi Arabia. 436 children participated in this survey during June-November 2020. The percentage of fathers with an organic or psychological illness in the children with elevated anxiety levels is 18.5% (p-value = 0.019). The anxiety level of the participants was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Based on the scores, 10.1% had severe anxiety. The depression level of the participants was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Based on the scores, 4.4% had severe depression. The anxiety level of the children was assessed using Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - Parent (SCAS-Parent). Based on the overall score, 28.1% of the children had elevated anxiety levels. The anxiety level was elevated in a panic attack and agoraphobia for 36.8% of the kids, in separation anxiety for 26.8%, in physical injury fears for 35.1%, in social phobia for 19%, in obsessive-compulsive for 25.1%, and in generalized anxiety disorder/overanxious for 27.3%. Quarantine and lockdown during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic have had a negative impact and many adverse effects on the mental and intellectual development of children. These negative outcomes may be addressed via well-planned multilevel interventions.